tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9884078863151277612024-02-20T16:35:04.435-08:00Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Geologi "Gondwana"-PGPPoliteknik Geologi dan Pertambangan "AGP" Bandung (Jl. Sulaksana II No. 21 telp: (022) 727638 / 082395454004)
HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.comBlogger26125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-22123627133448310642015-11-18T15:43:00.000-08:002015-11-18T15:43:03.911-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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HMTG GONDWANA proudly present : Anniversary HMTG Gondwana 8th ! Datang dan nikmati kebersamaan di Ulang Tahun Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Geologi Gondwana (HMTG Gondwana). Mari bersama kita pererat tali silahturrahmi antara setiap anggota dan Alumni.<br />
<br />
Will be held on 21-22 November 2015 at Curug Cilengkrang (CAMPING GROUND)<br />
Time : 16.00-till end.<br />
Payment ; IDR 50.000,-<br />
Dont Forget : Sleeping bag and matras.<br />
<br />
For More Information :<br />
Contact Person :<br />
Febby Wahid (085974684539/5AB71E78)<br />
Miskhan (085659477587/ Line id: si_ceper)<br />
<br />
Untuk perlengkapan tidur:<br />
Contact person:<br />
Luthfianto DF (081911415231/ Line id: Luthfiantodf)<br />
<br />
COME AND JOIN US !!HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-40773740554292017772015-09-07T15:56:00.000-07:002015-09-07T15:56:14.347-07:00batuan granit<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENGERTIAN
BATUAN BEKU</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batuan
beku atau batuan igneus (dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bahasa
Latin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Ignis, "api")
adalah jenis </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuan" title="Batuan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">batuan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang
terbentuk dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma" title="Magma"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">magma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang
mendingin dan mengeras, dengan atau tanpa proses </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalisasi" title="Kristalisasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kristalisasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, baik di bawah permukaan sebagai batuan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusi_%28geologi%29" title="Intrusi (geologi)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">intrusif</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (plutonik)
maupun di atas permukaan sebagai batuan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekstrusif_%28geologi%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ekstrusif (geologi) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ekstrusif</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (vulkanik). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
para ahli seperti Turner dan Verhoogen (1960), F. F Groun (1947), Takeda
(1970), magma didefinisikan sebagai cairan silikat kental yang pijar terbentuk
secara alamiah, bertemperatur tinggi antara 1.500<sup>o</sup>–2.500<sup>o</sup>C
dan bersifat mobile (dapat bergerak) serta terdapat pada kerak bumi bagian
bawah. Dalam magma tersebut terdapat beberapa bahan yang larut, bersifat
volatile (air, CO<sub>2</sub>, chlorine, fluorine, iron, sulphur, dan
lain-lain) yang merupakan penyebab mobilitas magma, dan non-volatile (non-gas)
yang merupakan pembentuk mineral yang lazim dijumpai dalam batuan beku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat magma mengalami penurunan
suhu akibat perjalanan ke permukaan bumi, maka mineral-mineral akan terbentuk.
Peristiwa tersebut dikenal dengan peristiwa penghabluran. Berdasarkan
penghabluran mineral-mineral silikat (magma), oleh NL. Bowen disusun suatu seri
yang dikenal dengan Bowen’s Reaction Series. Dalam mengidentifikasi batuan
beku, sangat perlu sekali mengetahui karakteristik batuan beku yang meliputi
sifat fisik dan komposisi mineral batuan beku. Dalam membicarakan masalah sifat
fisik batuan beku tidak akan lepas.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OKSIDA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GRANIT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DIORIT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">GABRO</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4BACC6; border-bottom: solid windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 2.25pt; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERIDOTIT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SiO2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">72,08</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">51,86</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48,36</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">43,54</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TiO2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,37</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,50</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,32</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,81</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al2O3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13,86</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16,40</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16,84</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,99</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fe2O3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,86</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,73</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,55</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,51</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FeO</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,72</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6,97</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7,92</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9,8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MnO</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,06</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,18</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,18</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,21</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MgO</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,52</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6,21</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8,06</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34,02</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CaO</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,33</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,40</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11,07</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,46</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Na2O</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,08</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3,36</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,26</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,56</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K2O</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,46</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,33</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,56</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,25</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">H2O+</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,53</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,80</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,64</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D8D8D8; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,76</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">P2O5</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,18</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,35</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,24</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0,05</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #4BACC6; height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 82.0pt;" valign="top" width="109"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.95pt;" valign="top" width="109"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.95pt;" valign="top" width="108"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 81.3pt;" valign="top" width="108"><br /></td>
<td style="height: 14.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.8pt;" valign="top" width="104"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Batuan granit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs8fqIy7xpPUitJ6ZWzyH1ApV3bDQPeFpbf9JCr3cZfTpTvCUaX1oC_nzfxv2HyCio9RUqPGKUKxAswv-eNOgkrlbLiOtAvtxzzPVVwz9erfSKd4gIRVCtQbZzv3MPnE1xKYp5Dv-8oxo/s1600/granit.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs8fqIy7xpPUitJ6ZWzyH1ApV3bDQPeFpbf9JCr3cZfTpTvCUaX1oC_nzfxv2HyCio9RUqPGKUKxAswv-eNOgkrlbLiOtAvtxzzPVVwz9erfSKd4gIRVCtQbZzv3MPnE1xKYp5Dv-8oxo/s1600/granit.jpg" border="0" height="328" src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="435" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi Granit</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granit dapat didefinisikan dari tiga
sudut pandang, yaitu definisi sederhana, definisi menurut ilmui petrologi, dan
definisi komersil atau dagang. Secara sederhana, granit didefinisikan
sebagai batuan beku berwarna cerah, berukuran butir kasar, berkomposisi mineral
dominan feldspar dan kuarsa, kompisisi mineral minor mika dan amfibol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi menurut ilmu petrologi,
granit adalah batuan beku yang mengandung kuarsa berkisar dari 10 – 50 % daru
seluruh mineral felsik, dan mengandung alkali feldspar 65 – 90 % dari kandungan
total mineral feldspar. Untuk dapat menerapkan definisi ini diperlukan
kemampuan melakukan identifikasi mineral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut industri batuan komersil,
granit adalah batuan yang butirannya dapat dilihat dan memiliki kekerasan yang
lebih keras daripada marmer. Menurut definisi ini maka gabro, basalt, pegmatit,
skis, gneis, syienit, monzonit, anorthosit, granodiorit, diabas, diorit disebut
sebagai “granit”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Pembentukan Granit</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granit terbentuk di daerah kontinen
atau benua sebagai batuan beku intrusif. Ukuran butir kristal mineral
penyusunnya yang berukuran kasar menunjukkan granit terbentuk melalui proses
pembekuan magma yang sangat lambat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granit terbentuk karena pembekuan
magma yang terjadi jauh di dalam bumi sehingga ganesa batuan ini adalah batuan
beku intrusif dalam. Dijumpainya granit di permukaan bumi sekarang menunjukkan
bahwa kerak bumi telah mengalami erosi sangat dalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFF1e9bOVUlZ9017CMVhha7O8zInovFm9y2NMZA34bxvXOwG0mIlFLxqYMJzHC7QvoEBmmHU02_JQqpMpa6Yo0kIni0TOUAAYZZ1MxcWN-7wYzzI-vsOFMw4WhnNeFhAV1xNMC-VxEPAum/s1600/Granite.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFF1e9bOVUlZ9017CMVhha7O8zInovFm9y2NMZA34bxvXOwG0mIlFLxqYMJzHC7QvoEBmmHU02_JQqpMpa6Yo0kIni0TOUAAYZZ1MxcWN-7wYzzI-vsOFMw4WhnNeFhAV1xNMC-VxEPAum/s320/Granite.jpg" border="0" height="328" src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="328" /></span></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFF1e9bOVUlZ9017CMVhha7O8zInovFm9y2NMZA34bxvXOwG0mIlFLxqYMJzHC7QvoEBmmHU02_JQqpMpa6Yo0kIni0TOUAAYZZ1MxcWN-7wYzzI-vsOFMw4WhnNeFhAV1xNMC-VxEPAum/s1600/Granite.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna
: coklat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kristalinitas
: hipokristalin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granularitas
: fanerik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relasi
: equigranular</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fabrik
: subhedral</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur
: massive</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komposisi
mineral :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hornblende 15%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plagioklas
10%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quartz
10%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sanidine
20%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biotit
15%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orthoclas 20%</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan Granit</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granit adalah batu yang paling
sering digali sebagai " batu dimensi " ( bahan batu alam yang telah
dipotong menjadi balok atau lembaran tebal panjang tertentu , lebar dan
ketebalan ) . Granit cukup sulit untuk menolak sebagian abrasi , cukup kuat
untuk menanggung berat badan yang signifikan , cukup inert untuk melawan
pelapukan dan menerima polish brilian . Karakteristik ini membuatnya menjadi
batu dimensi yang sangat diinginkan dan berguna .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granit telah digunakan selama ribuan
tahun di kedua aplikasi interior dan eksterior . Kasar - potong dan granit
dipoles digunakan di gedung-gedung , jembatan , paving , monumen dan banyak proyek
eksterior lainnya . Indoors , granit lembaran dipoles dan ubin yang digunakan
dalam countertops , ubin lantai , tapak tangga dan banyak fitur praktis dan
dekoratif lainnya .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harga tinggi sering mengurangi
popularitas bahan konstruksi dan granit sering biaya secara signifikan lebih
dari bahan buatan manusia di sebagian besar proyek . Namun, granit frequenly
dipilih karena merupakan bahan prestise , digunakan dalam proyek untuk
menghasilkan tayangan keanggunan , daya tahan dan kualitas abadi .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granit juga digunakan sebagai batu
hancur atau agregat . Dalam bentuk ini digunakan sebagai bahan dasar di lokasi
konstruksi , sebagai agregat dalam pembangunan jalan , rel kereta api ballast ,
yayasan dan di mana saja bahwa batu hancur berguna sebagai mengisi .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam bidang industri dan rekayasa,
granit banyak dipakai sebagai bidang acuan dalam berbagai pengukuran dan alat
pengukur. Hal ini dikarenakan granit bersifat kedap air, kaku (rigid),
non-higroskopis dan memiliki koefisien ekspansi termal yang sangat rendah. Salah
satu penerapannya adalah pada mesin pengukur koordinat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Granit di kerak Benua</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebanyakan buku teks geologi
pengantar melaporkan bahwa granit adalah batu yang paling melimpah di kerak
benua. Pada permukaan granit terkena dalam inti dari banyak pegunungan, dalam
wilayah besar yang dikenal sebagai "batolit," dan di daerah inti
benua yang dikenal sebagai "perisai."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kristal mineral besar dalam granit
adalah bukti bahwa itu didinginkan perlahan-lahan dari bahan batuan cair. Itu
pendinginan lambat harus terjadi di bawah permukaan bumi dan membutuhkan waktu
yang lama untuk terjadi. Jika mereka hari ini tersingkap di permukaan
satu-satunya cara yang bisa terjadi jika batu granit terangkat dan batuan
sedimen di atasnya terkikis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di daerah di mana permukaan bumi
ditutupi dengan batuan sedimen, granit, atau batu granit bermetamorfosis
terkait erat biasanya hadir di bawah penutup sedimen. Ini granit dalam dikenal
sebagai "batu basement"</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="http://nuranigeo.blogspot.com/2013/05/hubungan-antara-tektonik-lempeng-dan.html"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hubungan antara Tektonik Lempeng dan Penyebaran Batuan
Beku</span></b></a><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (
granit )</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerak bumi atau lithospher sebagian
besar disusun oleh batuan beku dan selebihnya disusun oleh batuan sedimen
dan metamorf .Walaupun batuan beku dominan sebagai penyusun kerak bumi, namun
pembentukan batuan beku tidak terjadi disemua tempat dibumi ini karena
batuan tersebut hanya terbentuk pada kondisi tektonik lempeng tertentu.
Fraksinasi batuan beku (fractionation) umunya terjadi di dua tempat utama,
yaitu: di batas lempeng divergen dan di batas lempeng konvergen.</span></div>
<div align="center">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWgZETlcJQTMSO4bC75GDKaDALnnr-ZXV7fuFEBDhvvqm-z08SzGZn7JMjrAVvdeit7PRqvT3_TLodDqD-WCorlItOYMYvSjL4MWfRKjMCAPudmvCo3S2tvfAAyg4Ij9RLuqK6luZkjac/s1600/Batas+lempeng.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWgZETlcJQTMSO4bC75GDKaDALnnr-ZXV7fuFEBDhvvqm-z08SzGZn7JMjrAVvdeit7PRqvT3_TLodDqD-WCorlItOYMYvSjL4MWfRKjMCAPudmvCo3S2tvfAAyg4Ij9RLuqK6luZkjac/s400/Batas+lempeng.gif" border="0" height="250" src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="400" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batas-batas
antara lempeng</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Batas lempeng devergen umumnya berada pada bawah permukaan air laut dan kita
tidak dapat melihat proses tersebut. Magma yang berasal dari dalam bumi
dan keluar ke lantai samudera pada akhirnya akan membentuk kerak samudera baru.
Dalam proses pembentukan batuan di interior bumi akan menghasilkan fraksi
batuan beku mafik, seperti basalt dan di tempat lebih dalam akan membentuk
sataun batuan gabro. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="padding: 4.5pt 4.5pt 4.5pt 4.5pt;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhANzXU1HFnD3sXGKWROQAZ707iafbatntOSmu990mBFhdspxujk8vwIDNeV7J87WE1Fq6nFeylKhP0pSVdFx1bUBK0waj9VLcSGRc5aZEhgfoS_z8XWg6zTpNESyCS-7FnyGpFbeTQ6bY/s1600/disthtml.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhANzXU1HFnD3sXGKWROQAZ707iafbatntOSmu990mBFhdspxujk8vwIDNeV7J87WE1Fq6nFeylKhP0pSVdFx1bUBK0waj9VLcSGRc5aZEhgfoS_z8XWg6zTpNESyCS-7FnyGpFbeTQ6bY/s400/disthtml.gif" border="0" height="187" src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" width="400" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 3.0pt 4.5pt 4.5pt 4.5pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Distribusi batuan beku di kerak bumi.
</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian batas lempeng konvergen pada
kerak samudera (dihasilkan oleh pergerakan lempeng devergen) masuk kedalam bumi
kembali, memanas dan meleleh kembali. Pada generasi pertama ini yang terbentuk
adalah batuan beku intermedier, seperti doirit, dan mungkin terbentuk batuan
felsik seperti granit. silahkan lihat kembali gambar diatas. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam skala waktu geologi, fraksi
batuan beku menjadi penyebab terbentuknya formasi busur volkanik dan tepi benua
didunia dan implikasinya hingga sekarang. Bumi pada awalnya tanpa benua
dan pada akhirnya daratan benua terbentuk dalam skala waktu geologi. maka akan
sangat penting untuk mengerti fraksi batuan beku agar dapat mengetahui hal
apapun tentang bumi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan dari semua ini adalah
bahwa batuan beku yang berbeda-beda ditemukan pula di tempat yang berbeda di
bumi. Dan semua perbedaan penyebaran ini berhubungan dengan proses tektonik
lempeng dan juga sejarah pembentukan bumi. Kesimpulan paling sederhana adalah
kerak benua dibentuk oleh batuan beku felsik (seperti granit), sedangkan kerak
samudera disusun oleh satuan batubeku mafik (seperti basalt dan gabro), dan
busur vulkanik disusun oleh satuan batubeku intermedier (seperti diorit dan
andesit). </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCIiMPu5c8wrxyyX-cwN6cBzUk_TxR_nQhBkctgfnGCbKU_0dhL75BcspLRCaUfaVmcFKLZ9zjiN0kkPu09-uhAPLQLL5SIAtnwXvg2KX6qaUTqeYolO5cdhZ4uWz0INzviIrg6VokTNQ/s1600/Rock+Type+Distribution+in+Volacnic+Arc.gif"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCIiMPu5c8wrxyyX-cwN6cBzUk_TxR_nQhBkctgfnGCbKU_0dhL75BcspLRCaUfaVmcFKLZ9zjiN0kkPu09-uhAPLQLL5SIAtnwXvg2KX6qaUTqeYolO5cdhZ4uWz0INzviIrg6VokTNQ/s400/Rock+Type+Distribution+in+Volacnic+Arc.gif" border="0" height="243" src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.gif" width="418" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Distribusi
batuan pada busur vulkanik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar pustaka</span></div>
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<a href="http://nuranigeo.blogspot.com/2013/05/hubungan-antara-tektonik-lempeng-dan.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://nuranigeo.blogspot.com/2013/05/hubungan-antara-tektonik-lempeng-dan.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.bimbingan.org/tag/pengertian-batu-granit"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.bimbingan.org/tag/pengertian-batu-granit</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/81575780/Granit-Adalah-Batuan-Beku-Plutonik#scribd"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/81575780/Granit-Adalah-Batuan-Beku-Plutonik#scribd</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://adnorthya.blogspot.com/2012/04/batuan-beku-asam.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://adnorthya.blogspot.com/2012/04/batuan-beku-asam.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-47254181104887796602015-09-07T15:49:00.002-07:002015-09-07T15:56:48.481-07:00pengenalan batuan beku<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Batuan
beku</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Magma dapat membeku dibawah atau diatas permukaan
bumi. Bila membeku dibawah permukaan bumi maka di sebut batuan beku<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
intrusif</i></b> atau sering disebut juga batuan beku <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plutonik. </i></b>Sedangkan magma
yang mencapai permukaan bumi dan membeku maka disebut batuan beku <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ekstrusif.</i></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Batuan
beku dalam</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Magma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yang
membeku dibawah permukaan, pendinginannya sangat lambat ( dapat sampai jutaan
tahun ), memungkinkan tumbuhnya kristal yang besar dan sempurna. Tubuh batuan
beku dalam mempunyai bentuk dan ukuran beragam dikarenakan magma dapat menguak
batuan ataupun menerobos melalui rekahan. Bentuk-bentuk yang memotong struktur
batuan sekitarnya ( diskordan ) adalah batolit, stock, dyke ( korok ), dan jenjang
vulkanik. Sedangkan yang sejajar dengan struktur batuan sekitarnya ( konkordan
) adalah sill, lakolit, dan lopolit. Akibat proses geologi baik endogen
terangkat oleh gaya tektonik maupun eksogen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Batuan
beku luar</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Magma yang mencapai permukaan bumi melalui rekahan
atau lubang kepundan gunung api, sebagai erupsi mendingin dengan cepat dan
membeku menjadi batuan beku luar. Keluarnya magma dipermukaan bumi melalui
rekahan dinamakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">erupsi linier atau fissure eruption.</i></b> Pada umumnya magma
basaltik yang viskositasnya rendah sehingga dapat mengalir disekitar rekahan,
menjadi hamparan larva basalt atau plate basalt. Sedangkan yang keluar melalui
lubang kepundan dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">erupsi sentral.</i>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekstur
batuan beku </span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa tekstur batuan beku yang umum adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelas
( glassy )<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak berbutir atau tidak mempunyai kristal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Afanitik
( aphanitik )<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbutir sangat halus, hanya dapat dilihat
dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mikroskop </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ferenitik
( pharenitik )<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbutir cukup besar, dapat dilihat tanpa
menggunakan mikroskop</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Porfiritik
( porphyritic )<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai dua ukuran kristal yang dominan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Piroklastik
( pyroclastik )<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai fragmen material volkanik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-8541792525782975612015-04-23T08:02:00.000-07:002015-04-23T08:02:19.478-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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salam satu hati satu bumi :)<br />
<br />
kepada teman - teman HMTG "GONDWANA" ayo merapat ke acara " <b>Malam Keakraban (MAKRAB) Angkatan 2014 "</b> yang akan dilaksanakan pada :<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Hari : Sabtu s/d Minggu</li>
<li>Tanggal : 25 s/d 26 April 2015</li>
<li>Waktu : 13.00 s/d selesai</li>
<li>Tempat : Lembang Asri, Jl. Kolonel Masturi No. 4, Lembang</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-53346683891153938862015-04-15T09:07:00.000-07:002015-04-15T09:10:42.147-07:00wisuda<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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momen - momen bahagia saat wisuda ( kelulusan ) yang dilaksanakan pada hari sabtu tanggal 28 maret 2015 yang bertempat di gedung RRI bandung</div>
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<br />HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-50552671240020030922015-03-10T03:13:00.000-07:002015-03-10T03:14:02.717-07:00Kegiatan Ekskursi Mabim HMTG Gondwana 2014<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Minggu, 8 Maret 2015, dilaksanakan kegiatan Ekskursi Mabim ke Desa Citatah, Padalarang. kegiatan ini dilaksanakan untuk mengaplikasikan ilmu yang diperoleh selama menjadi Anggota Muda HMTG Gondwana, kegiatan ekskursi ini dilaksanakan di Sungai Cibuntu.HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-42698125961195279002015-03-10T01:30:00.000-07:002015-03-10T01:30:08.978-07:00Rapat Internal Angkatan 2013 Mengenai Pembahasan LPJ Diksar 2014<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Senin, 3 Maret 2015, dilaksanakan pembahasan mengenai LPJ Diksar yang akan segera dipaparkan dalam rapat besar beserta seluruh anggota HMTG Gondwana dalam waktu dekat ini. Rapat mengenai Pembahasan LPJ Diksar ini hanya bersifat internal (Angkatan 2013) yang secepat mungkin menyelesaikan LPJ. <i>Sekian.</i></div>
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<br />HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-47991232012218955812015-02-15T06:56:00.002-08:002015-02-15T06:57:01.545-08:00Deret Bowen<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Deret Bowen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mineral
Pembentuk Batuan (Rock Forming Minerals )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Minerals adalah bahan atau
senyawa anorganik yang terbentuk secara alamiah, padat, mempunyai komposisi,
dan mempunyai sturuktur dalam/kristal tertentu. Sedangkan bedanya dengan
mineraloid ialah tidak mempunyai struktur dalam/kristal tertentu (amorf).
Menurut W.T Huang (1962) komposisi mineral pembentuk batuan dikelompokkan
menjadi tiga kelompok mineral, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MINERAL
UTAMA (Essensial Mineral)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mineral-mineral ini terbentuk
langsung dari kristalisasi magma dan kehadirannya sangat menentukkan dalam
penamaan batuan. mineral utama dapat dilihat dari deret bowen series(1928).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Deret Bowen menggambarkan secara
umum urutan kristalisasi suatu mineral sesuai dengan penurunan suhu
[bagian kiri] dan perbedaan kandungan magma [bagian kanan], dengan asumsi dasar
bahwa semua magma berasal dari magma induk yang bersifat basa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagan serial ini kemudian dibagi
menjadi dua cabang; kontinyu dan diskontinyu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Continuous
branch </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[deret
kontinyu]<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Deret ini dibangun dari mineral feldspar
plagioklas. Dalam deret kontinyu, mineral awal akan turut serta dalam pembentukan mineral selanjutnya.
Dari bagan, plagioklas kaya kalsium akan terbentuk lebih dahulu, kemudian
seiring penurunan suhu, plagioklas itu akan bereaksi dengan sisa larutan magma
yang pada akhirnya membentuk plagioklas kaya sodium. Demikian seterusnya reaksi
ini berlangsung hingga semua kalsium dan sodium habis dipergunakan. Karena mineral awal
terus ikut bereaksi dan bereaksi, maka sangat sulit sekali ditemukan plagioklas
kaya kalsium di alam bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila pendinginan terjadi terlalu
cepat, akan terbentuk <i>zooning</i> pada plagioklas [plagioklas kaya
kalsium dikelilingi plagioklas kaya sodium].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Discontinuous
branch</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> [deret
diskontinyu]<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Deret ini dibangun dari mineral <i>ferro-magnesian
sillicates</i>. Dalam deret diskontinyu, satu mineral akan berubah
menjadi mineral lain pada suhu tertentu dengan melakukan melakukan
reaksi terhadap sisa larutan magma. Bowen menemukan bahwa pada suhu tertentu,
akan terbentuk olivin, yang jika diteruskan akan bereaksi kemudian dengan
sisa larutan magma, membentuk pyroxene. Jika pendinginan dlanjutkan, akan
dikonversi ke pyroxene,dan kemudian biotite [sesuai skema]. Deret ini berakhir
ketika biotite telah mengkristal, yang berarti semua besi dan magnesium dalam
larutan magma telah habis dipergunakan untuk membentuk mineral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bila pendinginan terjadi terlalu
cepat dan mineral yang telah ada tidak sempat bereaksi seluruhnya
dengan sisa magma, akan terbentuk <i>rim</i> [selubung] yang tersusun
oleh mineral yang terbentuk setelahnya. Tulisan ini saya ambil dari http://apitnoparagon.wordpress.com/2010/01/21/deret-reaksi-bowen-bowens-reaction-series/.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berdasarkan warna mineral,
dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mineral Felsik
( mineral-mineral berwarna terang )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelompok
Plagioklas ( Anortit, bitownit, Labradorit, Andesin, oligoklas, Albit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kelompok
Alkali Feldspar (ortoklas, Mikrolin, Anortoklas, Sanidin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelompok
Feldspatoid (Leusit, Nefelin, Sodalit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kuarsa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Muskovit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelompok plagioklas
dan kelompok alkali feldspar sering disebut kelompok feldspar. catatan : Tidak
semua mineral felsik berwarna terang tetapi ada mineral felsik
yang berwarna gelap yaitu, obsidian.Mineral yang berwarna terang
disebabkan banyaknya kandungan SiO2 dan jarang mengandung Fe dan Mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mineral Mafik
(mineral yang berwarna gelap)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Olivin
(Forsterite dan Fayalite)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Piroksen,
dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu Orto Piroksen (Piroksen tegak) dan klino
piroksen (piroksen miring). Orto piroksen antara lain; Enstatite dan Hypersten.
Klino piroksen antara lain; Diopsit, Augit, Pigeonit, Aigirin, Spodemen,
Jadeit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 53.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Amfibol
(Hornblande, Labprobolit, Riebeokit, Glukofan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 53.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Biotit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MINERAL
TAMBAHAN ( Accessory Minerals)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah mineral-mineral yang
terbentuk oleh kristalisasi magma, terdapat dalam jumlah yang sedikit (kurang
dari 5%). kehadirannya tidak menentukan nama batuan. Contoh dari mineral tambahan
ini antara laian : ZIRKON, MAGNESIT, HEMATIT, PYRIT, RUTIL APATIT,
GARNET,SPHEN.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MINERAL
SKUNDER (Secondary Minerals)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Merupakan mineral-mineral ubahan
dari mineral utama, dapat dari hasil pelapukan, reaksi hidrotermal
maupun hasil metamorfosisme terhadap mineral utama. contoh dari mineral sekunder
antara lain;SERPENTIN, KALSIT, SERISIT, KALKOPIRIT, KAOLIN, KLORIT, PIRIT.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber:
http://coverboykemangkon.blogspot.com/2012/06/deret-bowen.html<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-66699877596399230712015-02-15T06:42:00.000-08:002015-02-15T06:42:27.927-08:00Foto Angkatan 2012 HMTG Gondwana<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj31DVpUO9W6t7RazTiQ0RQY1r51Y9fJGMLFqBcR2A6eu5csWY8WhmQQf8HdCSVxMzU1xohyphenhyphenMm5q4a9xXfHSdCIuRMCeToZuDEK0j09M-SMRX861Gl3oyLj5MTAxrm1jCgaAsONRSSL_LwV/s1600/IMG_20141224_204252.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj31DVpUO9W6t7RazTiQ0RQY1r51Y9fJGMLFqBcR2A6eu5csWY8WhmQQf8HdCSVxMzU1xohyphenhyphenMm5q4a9xXfHSdCIuRMCeToZuDEK0j09M-SMRX861Gl3oyLj5MTAxrm1jCgaAsONRSSL_LwV/s1600/IMG_20141224_204252.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: red;"> kiri kanan</span></div>
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Keterangan :</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">Barisan 1 Bawah (kiri-kanan)</span> : <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Angga Muhammad Ridla, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Khoirul Muslim, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Arman Patadari, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Arif Fitriansyah, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Thian Septian Hendrawan, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Insan Nurochman Adhi, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Riza Satria Putra, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Yudhi Pratama</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Barisan 2 (kiri-kanan) : </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Napis Abi Manap, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Banni Muhammad Husein, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dekky Maulana, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Daris Agustian Wiria, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Kartiwa Firmansyah, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Irma Rahmawati Adhi, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Geni Agustya, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Aji Sakti Mardani, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Desta Pratama Gumelar, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ahmad Syariful Kirom, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Ardiansya, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Barisan 3 (kiri-kanan) : </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rey Rey Hermansyah, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rian Primansah, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Fatchan Fadillah Jogapranata, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nurrafa Rachman Rahayu, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Saepul Rohman, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rendi Lucky Efendi, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Muhammad Irham Ramadhan, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Alvin Rinaldo Saputra, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Romy Damar Romadhani, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Trivini Sofianna Putera, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Barisan 4 Paling atas (kiri-kana) : </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Reza Saputra, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Andrian, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Andriansyah, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Candri Setiaji, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Muhammad Lailatul Qodar, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Odie Febrianto, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Anggie Kurniawan, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bayu Muhammad Nur, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Choliq Bin Walid Tallo</span></div>
<br />HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-5275330763780150152015-02-15T05:45:00.001-08:002015-02-15T05:46:25.441-08:00Foto Angkatan 2010 HMTG Gondwana<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4RG0u-EKIhTF0YF2c4LzMwcQeEvyj0gjj-0lpX54EohRP_3pFC7XEVmfQrbavhl5AsIV5wV_RD0DCs_-94Xw27FdlEwTkcEc-2-lx7mhwQl-iQd3HF-tgs3DT38XJCnvo_hPXr-vQdunn/s1600/FOTO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4RG0u-EKIhTF0YF2c4LzMwcQeEvyj0gjj-0lpX54EohRP_3pFC7XEVmfQrbavhl5AsIV5wV_RD0DCs_-94Xw27FdlEwTkcEc-2-lx7mhwQl-iQd3HF-tgs3DT38XJCnvo_hPXr-vQdunn/s1600/FOTO.jpg" height="422" width="640" /></a></div>
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Keterangan :<br />
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Duduk (kiri-kanan) : <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Bintang Abdul Aziz, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Rendi Riana, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Dimas Redinda, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Emanuel Geo Pradipta, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Mohammad Nizaam.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Berdiri (kiri-kanan) : </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Taufik Ismail Dwi Karsono, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Muhamad Rizal Fajar </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Nugraha, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Uray Imam Nurwandi</span>HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-77111240912409039032015-02-05T05:31:00.001-08:002015-02-05T05:31:32.678-08:00Foto Angkatan 2011 HMTG Gondwana<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Kiri Kanan</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Duduk Bawah (Kiri – Kanan) : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fakhri
Ramadhan, Ginta Rizki Ananda, Jesuina Fatima Da Silva Soares, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -72pt;">Angie Oktaviana
Dewantari, Dian Saputri Pernama Sari, Nina Halimah, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -72pt;">Irfan Rusyadi</span></div>
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Pertama (Kiri-Kanan) : Muhammad Iqbal, Rian
Triyadi Hidayat, Kriszen Muhammad Aly, Arif Komara, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -72pt;">Rendi Andrew Setyadi, Muhammad
Akbar, Solehudin, Yogi Permadi, Muharram </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -72pt;">Agung Gumelar</span></div>
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Kedua (Kiri – Kanan) : Farid Setiawan
Tallo, Muhammad Arif Setiawan, Margomgom </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A. P. Siahaan, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Yoga Kusumah, Muhammad
Farikhin, Muhammad Angga </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Purnomo,
Habibi, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rajiv Putra Pamungkas, Rangga Abdillah,</span></div>
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Ketiga (Kiri – Kanan) : Azmi Akbari, Masrur
Hadi, Heru Rusmanto, Sandi Rinaldi, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angki
Nugraha, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bambang Sugianto, Farizal Ramadhan</span></div>
HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-9557183506616383622015-02-05T04:47:00.000-08:002015-02-05T04:47:58.013-08:00Foto Angkatan 2009 HMTG Gondwana<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm36s2FAxNwbCgmak-4E_prQnLfZrKr0i2m4Mt_eqnlrGgevM_N1_PWyDzsYkQrCnFiI3fGLFoHrMw57M3MLQDPrLfBxpsWHhf54l3ZqU9235itfTI7_0U6oyp29GHtW2s4ZXFQyVSjjYl/s1600/Gondwana+09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm36s2FAxNwbCgmak-4E_prQnLfZrKr0i2m4Mt_eqnlrGgevM_N1_PWyDzsYkQrCnFiI3fGLFoHrMw57M3MLQDPrLfBxpsWHhf54l3ZqU9235itfTI7_0U6oyp29GHtW2s4ZXFQyVSjjYl/s1600/Gondwana+09.jpg" height="444" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="color: red;">Kiri Kanan</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Duduk Bawah (Kiri – Kanan) : Divi
Muhammad Ramadhan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arif Rahmat, Regi Anggara, Bagas Wening Larasati, A.R Romadlon Adlofz, Mesa
Madestrisa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdiri
Pertama (Kiri-Kanan) : Ahmad Widia Santika,
Satrio Graha, Riski Tri Utami Setiagustin, Rizky Muhammad Wildan, Andi Gading Mangga
Brani, Ferry </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -72pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -72pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -72pt;">Sony Sofyan, Andy Gunawan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdiri
Kedua (Kiri – Kanan)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Maraden Yogiesara
Romie, Saiful Hayat, Reisha Egi Ginanjar, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trifonio Araujo Martins, Supriyanto, Syamsuri,
Riski Riyandika</span></div>
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HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-31497430389577700632015-02-05T03:00:00.000-08:002015-02-05T03:00:41.965-08:00PETROLOGI<div style="text-align: justify;">
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Petrologi - Seluk Beluk Bebatuan </div>
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Petrologi batuan metamorf berfokus pada komposisi dan tekstur dari batuan metamorf (batuan seperti batu sabak atau batu marmer yang bermula dari batuan sedimen atau beku tetapi telah melalui perubahan kimia, mineralogi atau tekstur dikarenakan kondisi ekstrim dari tekanan, suhu, atau keduanya). Petrologi memanfaatkan bidang klasik mineralogi, petrografi mikroskopis, dan analisa kimia untuk menggambarkan komposisi dan tekstur batuan. Ahli petrologi modern juga menyertakan prinsip geokimia dan geofisika dalam penelitan kecenderungan dan siklus geokimia dan penggunaan data termodinamika dan eksperimen untuk lebih mengerti asal batuan. Petrologi eksperimental menggunakan perlengkapan tekanan tinggi, suhu tinggi untuk menyelidiki geokimia dan hubungan fasa dari material alami dan sintetis pada tekanan dan suhu yang ditinggikan. Percobaan tersebut khususnya berguna utuk menyelidiki batuan pada kerak bagian atas dan mantel bagian atas yang jarang bertahan dalam perjalanan kepermukaan pada kondisi asli.Petrologi adalah bidang geologi yang berfokus pada studi mengenai batuan dan kondisi pembentukannya. Ada tiga cabang petrologi, berkaitan dengan tiga tipe batuan: beku, metamorf, dan sedimen. Kata petrologi itu sendiri berasal dari kata Bahasa Yunani petra, yang berarti “batu”. Petrologi batuan beku berfokus pada komposisi dan tekstur dari batuan beku (batuan seperti granit atau basalt yang telah mengkristal dari batu lebur atau magma). Batuan beku mencakup batuan volkanik dan plutonik. Petrologi batuan sedimen berfokus pada komposisi dan tekstur dari batuan sedimen (batuan seperti batu pasir atau batu gamping yang mengandung partikel-partikel sedimen terikat dengan matrik atau material lebih halus).</div>
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1. Pengertian Batuan Beku</div>
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Batuan beku merupakan batuan yang terjadi dai pembekuan larutan silica cair dan pijar, yang kita kenal dengan nama magma. Karena tidak adanya kesepakatan dari para ahli petrologi dalam mengklasifikasikan batuan beku mengakibatkan sebagian klasifikasi dibuat atas dasar yang berbeda-beda. Perbedaan ini sangat berpengaruh dalam menggunakan klasifikasi pada berbagai lapangan pekerjaan dan menurut kegunaannya masing-masing. Bila kita dapat menggunakan klasifikasi yang tepat, maka kita akan mendapatkan hasil yang memuaskan.</div>
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2. Penggolongan Batuan Beku</div>
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Penggolongan batuan beku dapat didasarkan pada tiga patokan utama yaitu berdasarkan genetic batuan, berdasarkan senyawa kimia yang terkadung, dan berdasarkan susunan mineraloginya.</div>
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2.1 Berdasarkan Genetik</div>
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Batuan beku terdiri atas kristal-kristal mineral dan kadang-kadang mengandung gelas, berdasarkan tempat kejadiannya (genesa) batuan beku terbagi menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu: </div>
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Batuan beku dalam (pluktonik), terbentuk jauh di bawah permukaan bumi. Proses pendinginan sangat lambat sehingga batuan seluruhnya terdiri atas kristal-kristal (struktur holohialin). contoh :Granit, Granodiorit, dan Gabro. </div>
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Batuan beku korok (hypabisal), terbentuk pada celah-celah atau pipa gunung api. Proses pendinginannya berlangsung relatif cepat sehingga batuannya terdiri atas kristal-kristal yang tidak sempurna dan bercampur dengan massa dasar sehingga membentuk struktur porfiritik. Contoh batuan ini dalah Granit porfir dan Diorit porfir. </div>
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Batuan beku luar (efusif) ,terbentuk di dekat permukaan bumi. Proses pendinginan sangat cepat sehingga tidak sempat membentuk kristal. Struktur batuan ini dinamakan amorf. Contohnya Obsidian, Riolit dan Batuapung. </div>
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2.2. Berdasarkan Senyawa kimia</div>
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Menurut (C.L. Hugnes, 1962), Berdasarkan komposisi kandungan SiO2 batuan beku dapat dibedakan menjadi: </div>
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Batuan beku ultra basa memiliki kandungan silika kurang dari 45%. Contohnya Dunit dan Peridotit. </div>
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Batuan beku basa memiliki kandungan silika antara 45% – 52 %. Contohnya Gabro, Basalt. </div>
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Batuan beku intermediet memiliki kandungan silika antara 52%-66 %. Contohnya Andesit dan Syenit. </div>
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Batuan beku asam memiliki kandungan silika lebih dari 66%. Contohnya Granit, Riolit. Dari segi warna, batuan yang komposisinya semakin basa akan lebih gelap dibanding yang komposisinya asam. </div>
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2.3. Berdasarkan susunan mineralogi</div>
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Klasifikasi yang didasarkan atas mineralogi dan tekstur akan dapat mencerminkan sejarah pembentukan bebatuan atas dasar kimia. Tekstur batuan beku menggambarkan keadaan yang mempengaruhi pembentukan batuan itu sendiri. Seperti tekstur granular member arti akan keadaan yang serba sama, sedangkan tekstur porfiritik memberikan arti bahwa terjadi dua generasi pembentukan mineral. Dan tekstur afanitik menggambarkan pembekuan yang cepat. Dalam klasifikasi batuan beku yang dibuat oleh Russel B. Travis, tekstur batuan beku yang didasarkan pada ukuran butir mineralnya dapat dibagi menjadi : </div>
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Batuan dalam Bertekstur faneritik yang berarti mineral-mineral yang menyusun batuan tersebut dapat dilihat tanpa bantuan alat pembesar. </div>
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Batuan gang Bertekstur porfiritik dengan massa dasar faneritik. </div>
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Batuan gang Bertekstur porfiritik dengan massa dasar afanitik. </div>
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Batuan lelehan Bertekstur afanitik, dimana individu mineralnya tidak dapat dibedakan atau tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata biasa. </div>
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Menurut Heinrich (1956) batuan beku dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi beberapa keluarga atau kelompok yaitu: </div>
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Keluarga granit –riolit: bersifat felsik, mineral utama kuarsa, alkali felspar nya melebihi plagioklas </div>
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Keluarga granodiorit –qz latit: felsik, mineral utama kuarsa, Na Plagioklas dalam komposisi yang berimbang atau lebih banyak dari K Felspar </div>
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Keluarga syenit –trakhit: felsik hingga intermediet, kuarsa atau foid tidak dominant tapi hadir, K-Felspar dominant dan melebihi Na-Plagioklas, kadang plagioklas juga tidak hadir. </div>
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Keluarga monzonit –latit: felsik hingga intermediet, kuarsa atau foid hadir dalam jumlah kecil, Na-Plagioklas seimbang atau melebihi K-Felspar. </div>
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Keluarga syenit – fonolit foid: felsik, mineral utama felspatoid, K-Felspar melebihi plagioklas </div>
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Keluarga tonalit – dasit: felsik hingga intermediet, mineral utama kuarsa dan plagioklas (asam) sedikit/tidak ada K-Felspar </div>
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Keluarga diorite – andesit: intermediet, sedikit kuarsa, sedikit K-Felspar, plagioklas melimpah </div>
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Keluarga gabbro – basalt: intermediet-mafik, mineral utama plagioklas (Ca), sedikit Qz dan K-felspar </div>
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Keluarga gabbro – basalt foid: intermediet hingga mafik, mineral utama felspatoid (nefelin, leusit, dkk), plagioklas (Ca) bisa melimpah ataupun tidak hadir </div>
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Keluarga peridotit: ultramafik, dominan mineral mafik (ol,px,hbl), plagioklas (Ca) sangat sedikit atau absen. </div>
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3. Faktor-Faktor yang Diperhatikan Dalam Deskripsi Batuan Beku</div>
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A. Warna Batuan</div>
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Warna batuan berkaitan erat dengan komposisi mineral penyusunnya.mineral penyusun batuan tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh komposisi magma asalnya sehingga dari warna dapat diketahui jenis magma pembentuknya, kecuali untuk batuan yang mempunyai tekstur gelasan. Batuan beku yang berwarna cerah umumnya adalah batuan beku asam yang tersusun atas mineral-mineral felsik,misalnya kuarsa, potash feldsfar dan muskovit. Batuan beku yang berwarna gelap sampai hitam umumnya batuan beku intermediet diman jumlah mineral felsik dan mafiknya hampir sama banyak.</div>
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Batuan beku yang berwarna hitam kehijauan umumnya adalah batuan beku basa dengan mineral penyusun dominan adalah mineral-mineral mafik.</div>
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B. Struktur Batuan</div>
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Struktur adalah kenampakan hubungan antara bagian-bagian batuan yang berbeda.pengertian struktur pada batuan beku biasanya mengacu pada pengamatan dalam skala besar atau singkapan dilapangan.pada batuan beku struktur yang sering ditemukan adalah:</div>
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a. Masif : bila batuan pejal,tanpa retakan ataupun lubang-lubang gas</div>
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b. Jointing : bila batuan tampak seperti mempunyai retakan-retakan.kenapakan ini akan mudah diamati pada singkapan di lapangan.</div>
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c. Vesikular : dicirikandengan adanya lubang-lubang gas,sturktur ini dibagi lagi menjadi 3 yaitu:</div>
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1. Skoriaan : bila lubang-lubang gas tidak saling berhubungan.</div>
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2. Pumisan : bila lubang-lubang gas saling berhubungan.</div>
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3. Aliran : bila ada kenampakan aliran dari kristal-kristal maupun lubang gas.</div>
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d. Amigdaloidal : bila lubang-lubang gas terisi oleh mineral-mineral sekunder.</div>
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C. Tekstur Batuan</div>
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Pengertian tekstur batuan mengacu pada kenampakan butir-butir mineral yang ada di dalamnya, yang meliputi tingkat kristalisasi, ukuran butir, bentuk butir, granularitas, dan hubungan antar butir (fabric). Jika warna batuan berhubungan erat dengan komposisi kimia dan mineralogi, maka tekstur berhubungan dengan sejarah pembentukan dan keterdapatannya. Tekstur merupakan hasil dari rangkaian proses sebelum,dan sesudah kristalisasi. Pengamatan tekstur meliputi :</div>
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1. Tingkat kristalisasi</div>
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Tingkat kristalisasi batuan beku dibagi menjadi:</div>
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· Holokristalin, jika mineral-mineral dalam batuan semua berbentuk kristal-kristal. Tekstur batuan beku yang kenampakan batuannya terdiri dari keseluruhan mineral yang membentuk kristal, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proses kristalisasi berlangsung begitu lama sehingga memungkinkan terbentuknya mineral – mineral dengan bentuk kristal yang relatif sempurna.</div>
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§ Hipokristalin, jika sebagian berbentuk kristal dan sebagian lagi berupa mineral gelas. Tekstur batuan yang yang kenampakannya terdiri dari sebagaian mineral membentuk kristal dan sebagiannya membentuk gelas, hal ini menunjukkan proses kristalisasi berlangsung relatif lama namun masih memingkinkan terbentuknya mineral dengan bentuk kristal yang kurang.</div>
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§ Holohialin, jika seluruhnya terdiri dari gelas. Tekstur batuan yang kenampakannya terdiri dari mineral yang keseluruhannya berbentuk gelas, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proses kristalisasi magma berlangsung relatif singkat sehingga tidak memungkinkan pembentukan mineral – mineral dengan bentuk yang sempurna.</div>
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2. Ukuran kristal</div>
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Ukuran kristal adalah sifat tekstural yang paling mudah dikenali.ukuran kristal dapat menunjukan tingkat kristalisasi pada batuan.</div>
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D. Granularitas</div>
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Pada batuan beku non fragmental tingkat granularitas dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa macam yaitu: </div>
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1. Equigranulritas Disebut equigranularitas apabila memiliki ukuran kristal yang seragam. Tekstur ini dibagi menjadi 2: </div>
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Fenerik Granular bila ukuran kristal masih bisa dibedakan dengan mata telanjang </div>
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Afinitik apabila ukuran kristal tidak dapat dibedakan dengan mata telanjang atau ukuran kristalnya sangat halus. </div>
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2. Inequigranular Apabila ukuran kristal tidak seragam. Tekstur ini dapat dibagi lagi menjadi : </div>
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Faneroporfiritik bila kristal yang besar dikelilingi oleh kristal-kristal yang kecil dan dapat dikenali dengan mata telanjang </div>
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Porfiroafinitik,bila fenokris dikelilingi oleh masa dasar yang tidak dapat dikenali dengan mata telanjang </div>
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3. Gelasan (glassy) Batuan beku dikatakan memilimki tekstur gelasan apabila semuanya tersusun atas gelas.</div>
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4. Bentuk Butir </div>
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Euhedral, bentuk kristal dari butiran mineral mempunyai bidang kristal yang sempurna. </div>
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Subhedral,bentuk kristal dari butiran mineral dibatasi oleh sebagian bidang kristal yang sempurna. </div>
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Anhedral,berbentuk kristal dari butiran mineral dibatasi oleh bidang kristal yang tidak sempurna. </div>
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E. Komposisi Mineral</div>
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Berdasarkan mineral penyusunnya batuan beku dapat dibedakan menjadi 4 yaitu:</div>
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Kelompok Granit –Riolit Berasal dari magma yang bersifat asam,terutama tersusun oleh mineral-mineral kuarsa ortoklas, plaglioklas Na, kadang terdapat hornblende,biotit,muskovit dalam jumlah yang kecil.</div>
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2.</div>
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Kelompok Diorit – Andesit Berasal dari magma yang bersifat intermediet,terutama tersusun atas mineral-mineral plaglioklas, Hornblande, piroksen dan kuarsa biotit,orthoklas dalam jumlah kecil.</div>
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Kelompok Gabro – Basalt Tersusun dari magma yang bersifat basa dan terdiri dari mineral-mineral olivine,plaglioklas Ca,piroksen dan hornblende.</div>
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4.</div>
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Kelompok Ultra Basa Tersusun oleh olivin dan piroksen.mineral lain yang mungkin adalah plagliokals Ca dalam jumlah kecil.</div>
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Mineralisasi dan Alterasi dalam Sistem Hidrotermal</div>
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Larutan hidrotermal terbentuk pada fase akhir siklus pembekuan magma. Interaksi antara larutan hidrotermal dengan batuan yang dilewati akan menyebabkan terubahnya mineral-mineral penyusun batuan samping dan membentuk mineral alterasi. Larutan hidrotermal tersebut akan terendapkan pada suatu tempat membentuk mineralisasi (Bateman, 1981). Faktor-faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi pengendapan mineral di dalam sistem hidrotermal terdiri dari empat macam (Barnes, 1979; Guilbert dan Park, 1986), yaitu: (1) Perubahan temperatur; (2) Perubahan tekanan; (3) Reaksi kimia antara fluida hidrotermal dengan batuan yang dilewati; dan (4) Percampuran antara dua larutan yang berbeda. Temperatur dan pH fluida merupakan faktor terpenting yang mempengaruhi mineralogi sistem hidrotermal. Tekanan langsung berhubungan dengan temperatur, dan konsentrasi unsur terekspresikan di dalam pH batuan hasil mineralisasi (Corbett dan Leach, 1996).</div>
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Guilbert dan Park (1986) mengemukakan alterasi merupakan perubahan di dalam komposisi mineralogi suatu batuan (terutama secara fisik dan kimia), khususnya diakibatkan oleh aksi dari fluida hidrotermal. Alterasi hidrotermal merupakan konversi dari gabungan beberapa mineral membentuk mineral baru yang lebih stabil di dalam kondisi temperatur, tekanan dan komposisi hidrotermal tertentu (Barnes, 1979; Reyes, 1990 dalam Hedenquist, 1998). Mineralogi batuan alterasi dapat mengindikasikan komposisi atau pH fluida hidrotermal (Henley et al., 1984 dalam Hedenquist, 1998).</div>
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Corbett dan Leach (1996) mengemukakan komposisi batuan samping berperan mengkontrol mineralogi alterasi. Mineralogi skarn terbentuk di dalam batuan karbonatan. Fase adularia K-feldspar dipengaruhi oleh batuan kaya potasium. Paragonit (Na-mika) terbentuk pada proses alterasi yang mengenai batuan berkomposisi albit. Muskovit terbentuk di dalam alterasi batuan potasik.</div>
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Sistem pembentukan mineralisasi di lingkaran Pasifik secara umum terdiri dari endapan mineral tipe porfiri, mesotermal sampai epitermal (Corbett dan Leach, 1996). Tipe porfiri terbentuk pada kedalaman lebih besar dari 1 km dan batuan induk berupa batuan intrusi. Sillitoe, 1993a (dalam Corbett dan Leach, 1996) mengemukakan bahwa endapan porfiri mempunyai diameter 1 sampai > 2 km dan bentuknya silinder.</div>
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Tipe mesotermal terbentuk pada temperatur dan tekanan menengah, dan bertemperatur > 300</div>
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oC (Lindgren, 1922 dalam Corbett dan Leach, 1996). Kandungan sulfida bijih terdiri dari kalkopirit, spalerit, galena, tertahidrit, bornit, dan kalkosit. Mineral penyerta terdiri dari kuarsa, karbonat (kalsit, siderit, rodokrosit), dan pirit. Mineral alterasi terdiri dari serisit, kuarsa, kalsit, dolomit, pirit, ortoklas, dan lempung.</div>
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Tipe epitermal terbentuk di lingkungan dangkal dengan temperatur < 300</div>
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oC, dan fluida hidrotermal diinterpretasikan bersumber dari fluida meteorik. Endapan tipe ini merupakan kelanjutan dari sistem hidrotermal tipe porfiri, dan terbentuk pada busur magmatik bagian dalam di lingkungan gunungapi kalk-alkali atau batuan dasar sedimen (Heyba et al., 1985 dalam Corbett dan Leach, 1996). Sistem ini umumnya mempunyai variasi endapan sulfida rendah dan sulfida tinggi (gambar 4). Mineral bijih terdiri dari timonidsulfat, arsenidsulfat, emas dan perak, stibnite, argentit, cinabar, elektrum, emas murni, perak murni, selenid, dan mengandung sedikit galena, spalerit, dan galena. Mineral penyerta terdiri dari kuarsa, ametis, adularia, kalsit, rodokrosit, barit, flourit, dan hematit. Mineral alterasi terdiri dari klorit, serisit, alunit, zeolit, adularia, silika, pirit, dan kalsit.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsiNmTsxvSlUNhPpn3OrAd5mL3tFgkEcklgx3hnCdB6_RrbHHB5IV2lO2JSgV-0OmhGfPF6AAFUeFJsXPlZBuuNR-0lFDvmxCzCqwfGS0VL16pF5eUJeSsFDRkGDEXkIpKKxEnqMuQtPCo/s1600/w.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsiNmTsxvSlUNhPpn3OrAd5mL3tFgkEcklgx3hnCdB6_RrbHHB5IV2lO2JSgV-0OmhGfPF6AAFUeFJsXPlZBuuNR-0lFDvmxCzCqwfGS0VL16pF5eUJeSsFDRkGDEXkIpKKxEnqMuQtPCo/s1600/w.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Gambar 3: Model mineralisasi emas-perak lingkaran Pasifik (Corbett, 2002)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4A321xfGu2rWvxxCG02LGi8VuNcQU8SUi8QzucXVmH-_midrdyVpnr8S3ptc5zXKfxMC8ItFL-ThhmPGOF6uKtA-zh7eig32T9Vv2qAaCLLdIOzorN3hkofj6t3c9J0rZpH9dDyYY3XF6/s1600/e.jpg"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4A321xfGu2rWvxxCG02LGi8VuNcQU8SUi8QzucXVmH-_midrdyVpnr8S3ptc5zXKfxMC8ItFL-ThhmPGOF6uKtA-zh7eig32T9Vv2qAaCLLdIOzorN3hkofj6t3c9J0rZpH9dDyYY3XF6/s1600/e.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Gambar 4: Model fluida sulfida tinggi dan rendah (Corbett dan Leach, 1996)</div>
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Morrison, 1997, mengemukakan beberapa asosiasi mineral petunjuk sistem hipogen dalam proses magmatik yang berhubungan dengan mineralisasi epigenetik sebagai berikut:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifPeRkF2NoGfdf6jt93CooG0n5CHuwmYy6KTyQibQhe0ZgAkxJ2ceawJMwoxsknVl3AofVFlGHRqDCt4Nw3OyKU7LMdGIptH8YVV3VbhfV99k94Sr-gy8eRMjU2RaD1edmaumK3bGuxisf/s1600/r.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifPeRkF2NoGfdf6jt93CooG0n5CHuwmYy6KTyQibQhe0ZgAkxJ2ceawJMwoxsknVl3AofVFlGHRqDCt4Nw3OyKU7LMdGIptH8YVV3VbhfV99k94Sr-gy8eRMjU2RaD1edmaumK3bGuxisf/s1600/r.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Tabel 1: Asosiasi mineral petunjuk sistem hipogen dalam proses magmatik yang berhubungan dengan mineralisasi epigenetik (Morrison, 1997).</div>
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Zonasi alterasi dapat mempunyai bentuk geometri yang berbeda-beda, mulai dari bentuk konsentris, linier, sampai tidak teratur dan komplek. Zonasi alterasi endapan Porfiri Cu mempunyai bentuk konsentris. Bagian inti/tengah terdiri dari alterasi potasik, berkomposisi potasium feldspar dan biotit. Bagian tengah merupakan zonasi alterasi philik tersusun oleh kuarsa-serisit-pirit. Bagian paling luar mempuyai alterasi propilitik, mineraloginya tersusun oleh kuarsa-klorit-karbonat, dan setempat-setempat terdapat epidot, albit atau adularia. Endapan epitermal berbentuk urat/vein yang berasosiasi dengan struktur mayor mempunyai pola linier dan paralel dengan arah struktur. Urut-urutan zonasi alterasi dari temperatur tinggi ke temperatur rendah adalah argilik sempurna, serisit, argilik, dan propilitik.</div>
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Mineralisasi/alterasi endapan urat yang berasosiasi dengan endapan logam dasar dicirikan oleh zonasi pembentukan mineral dari temperatur tinggi sampai rendah. Urat/vein di daerah proksimal kaya kandungan tembaga dan rasio logam dibanding sulfur tinggi. Daerah ini dicirikan oleh hadirnya alterasi argillik sempurna di bagian dalam dan ke arah luar berubah menjadi alterasi serisitik. Daerah distal kaya kandungan timbal dan zeng, dan terdiri dari mineral sulfida dengan rasio logam dibanding sulfur rendah. Alterasi yang berkembang di daerah ini berupa alterasi propilitik, semakin ke arah jauh dari urat tersusun oleh batuan tidak teralterasi (Panteleyev, 1994; Corbett, 2002).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxQbGMRIiJUrp29MexMOnoiSFD4JL1JNmaqrbgeJTXoJ1kYFSm8o0VmjeI9BZfdrF4KoeBx53wchKY7bel-aKaPrWOf9WcMbwNtj1r5VsIMD24iu1OlMbQL-yc4sPgVBuOVLCs-fE2A1PN/s1600/t.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxQbGMRIiJUrp29MexMOnoiSFD4JL1JNmaqrbgeJTXoJ1kYFSm8o0VmjeI9BZfdrF4KoeBx53wchKY7bel-aKaPrWOf9WcMbwNtj1r5VsIMD24iu1OlMbQL-yc4sPgVBuOVLCs-fE2A1PN/s1600/t.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Gambar 5: Zonasi proksimal – distal tipe endapan urat logam dasar yang berasosiasi dengan endapan porfiri tembaga/molibdenum (Panteleyev, 1994)</div>
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GuilbertdanPark, 1986, mengemukakan model hubungan antara mineralisasi dan alterasi dalam sistem epitermal (gambar 6). Beberapa asosiasi mineral bijih maupun mineral skunder erat hubungannya dengan besar temperatur larutan hidrotermal pada waktu mineralisasi. Mineral bijih galena, sfalerit dan kalkopirit terbentuk pada horison logam dasar bagian bawah dengan temperatur ≥ 350oC. Pada horison ini alterasi bertipe argilik sempurna dan terbentuk mineral alterasi temperatur tinggi seperti adularia, albit dan feldspar. Fluida hidrotermal di horison logam dasar (bagian tengah) bertemperatur antara 200o- 400oC. Mineral bijih terdiri dari argentit, elektrum, pirargirit dan proustit. Mineral ubahan terdiri dari serisit, adularia, ametis, sedikit mengandung albit. Horison bagian atas terbentuk pada temperatur < 200oC. Mineral bijih terdiri dari emas di dalam pirit, Ag-garamsulfo dan pirit. Mineral ubahan berupa zeolit, kalsit, agat.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcgVUYtCDqV7hTw84Gudm3Xi1maBvXAvsEY8PqqAeEYspEFpNMkUHsjPbkeFMwDQEzpH0Oo0219r4EZG8wfQ8eDpceYOok5YRmOd1gZZwfR0tVQU3nY91Ad3DBYZVGJ_r7AFxxlyPArGmL/s1600/y.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcgVUYtCDqV7hTw84Gudm3Xi1maBvXAvsEY8PqqAeEYspEFpNMkUHsjPbkeFMwDQEzpH0Oo0219r4EZG8wfQ8eDpceYOok5YRmOd1gZZwfR0tVQU3nY91Ad3DBYZVGJ_r7AFxxlyPArGmL/s1600/y.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Gambar 6: Alterasi hubungannya dengan mineralisasi dalam tipe endapan epitermal</div>
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logam dasar (Guilbert dan Park, 1986)</div>
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Berdasarkan pada kisaran temperatur dan pH, komposisi alterasi pada sistem emas-tembaga hidrotermal di lingkaran Pasifik dapat dikelompokan menjadi 6 tipe alterasi (Corbett dan Leach, 1996), yaitu:</div>
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o Argilik sempurna (silika pH rendah, alunit, dan group mineral alunit-kaolinit.</div>
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o Argilik tersusun oleh anggota kaolin (halosit, kaolin, dikit) dan illit (smektit, selang-seling illlit-smektit, illit) dan group mineral transisi (klorit-illit).</div>
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o Philik tersusun oleh anggota kaolin (piropilit-andalusit) dan illit (serisit-mika putih) berasosiasi dengan mineral pada temperatur tinggi seperti serisit-mika-klorit.</div>
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o Subpropilitik tersusun oleh klorit-zeolit yang terbentuk pada temperatur rendah dan propilitik tersusun oleh klorit-epidot-aktinolit terbentuk pada temperatur rendah.</div>
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o Potasik tersusun oleh biotit-K-feldspar-aktinolit+klinopiroksen.</div>
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o Skarn tersusun oleh mineral kalk-silikat (Ca-garnet, klinopiroksen, tremolit).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsC4jG5FnG8W46NOHo5qssaPCG5gSfQ4j8Kz_qbW4tyhTu4pxN-tNIJ_oJ7jMiALYXMGeMt9172esdcZjO-w0WKtoH1tx4bh_agh5Zi41MMLTYgWrXVf0CENYxUciPnsbxoangPp6vurF/s1600/u.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsC4jG5FnG8W46NOHo5qssaPCG5gSfQ4j8Kz_qbW4tyhTu4pxN-tNIJ_oJ7jMiALYXMGeMt9172esdcZjO-w0WKtoH1tx4bh_agh5Zi41MMLTYgWrXVf0CENYxUciPnsbxoangPp6vurF/s1600/u.png" width="247" /></a></div>
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Gambar 7: Mineralogi alterasi di dalam sistem hidrotermal (Corbett dan Leach, 1996)</div>
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<i>Sumber : http://infotambang.com/petrologi-seluk-beluk-bebatuan-i-p388-143.htm</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Selamat kepada ANGGOTA MUDA Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Geologi Gondwana yang telah lulus mengikuti kegiatan Pendidikan Dasar (Diksar) tanggal 25 - 27 Januari 2015 di Rancaupas, Ciwidey.</span></div>
HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-78314683346660905072015-02-05T02:14:00.001-08:002015-02-05T02:14:50.366-08:00Foto Kegiatan Pendidikan Dasar (Diksar)<div class="MsoNormal">
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Foto diatas merupakan foto kegiatan Diksar dari awal keberangkatan hingga kepulangan kembali ke kota Bandung </div>
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<span style="height: 236px; margin-left: 315px; margin-top: 242px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 314px; z-index: 251659264;"><br /></span>HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-27179576961163386792015-02-04T17:40:00.000-08:002015-02-05T04:56:42.588-08:00Upacara Penyemetan Jaket Himpunan kepada Anggota Muda HMTG Gondwana 2014<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnGdiHbYsmZjbchIzdmCgCSg5Jc7Jc5WRHrCLCuSbkgfQCjXg7M0HUZxp8Wa2437Zns2JIaZSiRKwCt7fdNjOzZMi2gQSInYDjUrDV1ntgnyuuad7tSvbqWLzfsOeXbi9_aYmknSfpTJQ-/s1600/GEDC0243.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnGdiHbYsmZjbchIzdmCgCSg5Jc7Jc5WRHrCLCuSbkgfQCjXg7M0HUZxp8Wa2437Zns2JIaZSiRKwCt7fdNjOzZMi2gQSInYDjUrDV1ntgnyuuad7tSvbqWLzfsOeXbi9_aYmknSfpTJQ-/s1600/GEDC0243.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Selasa, 27 Januari 2015, sekitar pukul 13.00 WIB dilaksanakan upacara penyematan Jaket Himpunan kepada Anggota Muda yang mengikuti kegiatan Pendidikan Dasar (Diksar) HMTG Gondwana, upacara dihadiri oleh Senior dan Alumni. Upacara dipimpin oleh ketua Diksar, Reschi Sarjon A.P dan Pembina Upacara dipimpin oleh Bpk Ir, Djaendi, Post.Grad.Dipl sebagai Kepala Pudir 3 bagian Kemahasiswaan. Penyematan dilakukan oleh pembina upacara kepada 2 Anggota Muda 1 perempuan dan 1 laki-laki sebagai simbolis. Dalam upacara ini Alumni dan Senior memberikan kata Sambutan. Peserta yang mengikuti kegiata Pendidikan Dasar (Diksar) berjumlah 31 orang, 30 angkatan 2014 dan 1 orang angkatan 2013, semua peserta dinyatakan lulus menjadi Anggota Muda 6 diantaranya dinyatakan lulus bersyarat dikarenakan sakit saat mengikuti kegiatan. 6 orang tersebut diberikan tugas-tugas mengenai ilmu geolgi untuk memenuhi syarat kelulusan yang telah ditetapkan oleh panitia. sekian.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrU48PDvIM4SNeOBpclTLH8iJEVTACCOsm1BK7DnA68WFjpDNx_zc4eDB-dVcqB5R_oxwAeclRbfVQK1fE9P78_68-Nj5fH31rpSD_6i8IbFAZ3ZUMHQyfHtPoAHdUbwxqwdu6bu7iuESz/s1600/IMG_9738.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrU48PDvIM4SNeOBpclTLH8iJEVTACCOsm1BK7DnA68WFjpDNx_zc4eDB-dVcqB5R_oxwAeclRbfVQK1fE9P78_68-Nj5fH31rpSD_6i8IbFAZ3ZUMHQyfHtPoAHdUbwxqwdu6bu7iuESz/s1600/IMG_9738.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Penyematan Jaket Himpunan kepada Simbolis perempuan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9LT_g1oEnt3A6A9gNjCsbwX_5bkvGa9gwDlj0PkX9xMXEHR3ANTRUh8SYhdSL_ZeqTjqtWxaj3Kwgjh7EYGjf1kEtys2aZ0Ib3JIjJc5p0cTvimYyaYACq6aBRxCWkZnctw34-CWz2Rd-/s1600/IMG_9735.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9LT_g1oEnt3A6A9gNjCsbwX_5bkvGa9gwDlj0PkX9xMXEHR3ANTRUh8SYhdSL_ZeqTjqtWxaj3Kwgjh7EYGjf1kEtys2aZ0Ib3JIjJc5p0cTvimYyaYACq6aBRxCWkZnctw34-CWz2Rd-/s1600/IMG_9735.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Penyematan Jaket Himpunan kepada Simbolis Laki-laki</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-14490603993374790232015-02-04T17:23:00.002-08:002015-02-04T17:44:50.745-08:00Upacara Pelepasan Keberangkan Pendidikan Dasar (Diksar) HMTG Gondwan 2014<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8j0c5XRv7zTyVQVHKELJ1xLf8n8Y1ebcd7XH9NrrG-reXZM7jD_4J6RIzuERXTWHhXrjFFBWwlXWaTVZekQGBme9hpyQEkVyEaJRe-K-j18lKthNI-ddqYIFQlSvzvIQktfhXtmJ1v5GR/s1600/IMG_9454.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8j0c5XRv7zTyVQVHKELJ1xLf8n8Y1ebcd7XH9NrrG-reXZM7jD_4J6RIzuERXTWHhXrjFFBWwlXWaTVZekQGBme9hpyQEkVyEaJRe-K-j18lKthNI-ddqYIFQlSvzvIQktfhXtmJ1v5GR/s1600/IMG_9454.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
Minggu, 25 Januari 2015, dilaksanakan upacara Pelepasan keberangkatan calon Anggota Muda Gondwana yang akan mengikuti Pendidikan Dasar (Diksar), dikuti oleh 31 orang Calon Anggota Muda yang merupakan 30 orang angkatan 2014 dan 1 orang Angkatan 2013, upacara dipimpin oleh Ketua Diksar, Reschi Sarjo A.S dan Pembina Upacara di pimpin oleh Bambang Sugiatnto dikarenakan Ketua Pudir 3 Bagian Kemahasiswaan (Bpk.Djahendi) tidak dapat hadir sebagai pembina upacara dikarenakan ada urusan pribadi. Upacara berlangsung dengan hikmat.HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-21455330775876340812015-01-28T17:25:00.001-08:002015-01-28T17:26:05.832-08:00Rapat Pemantapan Diksar 2014<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWBcPv2hyphenhyphenKKjxhIjLTQof3XiupoKft-Psk9d3tEb6fbqPIzb8HK7DiY1AXgfJU_RDn421kSx0YNTeaSXY87ZJ5bdu1HTlanUgqTcfCtIdtaXiCOyabtWENYIWpzMr5z2qzLpNOCXZNxKqi/s1600/DSC00170.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWBcPv2hyphenhyphenKKjxhIjLTQof3XiupoKft-Psk9d3tEb6fbqPIzb8HK7DiY1AXgfJU_RDn421kSx0YNTeaSXY87ZJ5bdu1HTlanUgqTcfCtIdtaXiCOyabtWENYIWpzMr5z2qzLpNOCXZNxKqi/s1600/DSC00170.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
Sabtu, 24 Januari 2015 dilaksanakan Rapat Pembahasan Pemantapan Diksar, dihadiri oleh Anggota Aktif beserta Alumni dan Senior. Agenda rapat yaitu Pembahasan Diksar, Pembahasan meliputi Bagian Keuangan. Rapat berlangsung kondusif.HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-86964504824471639982015-01-27T18:55:00.000-08:002015-01-27T18:55:22.786-08:00Kegiatan Rapat Pemaparan Diksar HMTG Gondwana 2014-2015<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Sirpr1tldZH5LfQkIVtMOi6VTY_jZKPAbFM-PJMZNGTxuBQSMSCiP_OLcAZxRJLfUFDK_3C_yDJBLvaFXigflXm4BZUp-_OW5NIrMqctNToB70p2D35X4RVl-oggkJsRRIVUd8fEKXnD/s1600/DSC04073.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Sirpr1tldZH5LfQkIVtMOi6VTY_jZKPAbFM-PJMZNGTxuBQSMSCiP_OLcAZxRJLfUFDK_3C_yDJBLvaFXigflXm4BZUp-_OW5NIrMqctNToB70p2D35X4RVl-oggkJsRRIVUd8fEKXnD/s1600/DSC04073.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
Kamis, 22 Januari 2015 dilaksanakan Rapat PEMAPARAN DIKSAR 2014-2015 yang dihadiri Anggota Aktif serta Senior dan Alumni. Kegiatan Diksar sendiri akan dilaksanakan pada tanggal 25 s/d 27 Januari 2015 di Rancaupas, Ciwidey, Kabupaten Bandung. Pemaparan Diksar meliputi Bagian Konsumsi, Bagian Medis, Bagian Logistik, Bagian Perizinan, dan Bagian Keuangan yang merupakan bagian penting dari acara Diksar HMTG Gondwana, serta pembahasan mengenai Pos Materi Diksar dan Route Diksar. Rapat berlangsung dengan Kondusif dan Panitia Diksar 2014-2015 banyak menerima masukan yang diberikan oleh Senior-senior dan Alumni yang hadir.<br />
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HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-34581576042880704392015-01-14T06:53:00.002-08:002015-01-17T20:36:33.370-08:00Kegiatan Survey Lokasi DIKSAR 2014-2015<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Minggu, 11 Januari 2015 anggota HMTG_Gondwana angkatan 2013 melakukan kegiatan survey atau cek lokasi di Rancaupas, Ciwidey, Kab. Bandung yang akan digunakan untuk kegiatan Pendidikan Dasar (Diksar) yang akan dilakukan pada tanggal 25-27 Januari 2015, dalam kegiatan survey tersebut akan direncanakan dibentuk 5 Pos Materi.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkOG0-elag1IFsCCq0xwaoh9hPzYoTFfweM0UjqxzyH26MeW2itCM_PVwuw1v9eJEd5OOjQwPanjurdhpZIReL79Fx1WTFRGa1zBKG_c1pxpinUiSUHkxnjEta6rUgyC6pTqfp3vuk04tl/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkOG0-elag1IFsCCq0xwaoh9hPzYoTFfweM0UjqxzyH26MeW2itCM_PVwuw1v9eJEd5OOjQwPanjurdhpZIReL79Fx1WTFRGa1zBKG_c1pxpinUiSUHkxnjEta6rUgyC6pTqfp3vuk04tl/s1600/Capture.JPG" /></a></div>
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HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-55502299260378582482014-12-22T06:24:00.003-08:002015-02-05T04:04:50.036-08:00NIKEL LATERIT<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
NIKEL LATERIT
</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Batuan induk dari nikel laterit adalah Peridotit. Peridotit terbentuk
di lingkungan lempeng samudera yang akan kaya mineral berat besi, nikel,
kromit, magnesium dan mangan. Keberadaannya di permukaan disebabkan
oleh lempeng benua Pasifik yang terangkat ke daratan oleh proses obduksi
dengan lempeng benua Eurasia, yang kemudian “disebarkan” oleh sesar
Sorong (Katili, 1980) sebagai pulau-pulau kecil di berada di kepulauan
Maluku. Pelapukan akan menguraikan batuan ultrabasa tersebut menjadi
mineral terlarut dan tak terlarut. Air tanah melarutkan karbonat, kobalt
dan magnesium, serta membawa mineral besi, nikel, kobalt, silikat dan
magnesium silikat dalam bentuk koloid yang mengendap. Endapan kaya nikel
dan magnesium oksida disebut krisopas, dan cebakan nikel ini disebut
saprolit. Proses pelapukan peridotit akan menghasilkan saprolit, batuan
yang kaya nikel. Pelapukan ini terjadi di sebagian kepulauan Maluku,
antara lain di pulau Gag, Buton dan Gebe (Sudrajat, 1999).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Laterit;
later, artinya bata (membentuk bongkah-bongkah yang tersusun seperti
bata berwarna merah). Buchanan; subsoil yang mengeras karena tersingkap
atau kontak dengan atmosfer. Ollier, 1969; Soil di daerah tropis dengan
horizon konkresi besi oksida, yang dalam keadaan normal berwarna merah.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Endapan
nikel laterit merupakan hasil pelapukan lanjut dari batuan ultramafik
pembawa Ni-Silikat. Umumnya terdapat pada daerah dengan iklim tropis
sampai dengan subtropis. Pengaruh iklim tropis di Indonesia
mengakibatkan proses pelapukan yang intensif, sehingga beberapa daerah
di Indonesia bagian timur memiliki endapan nikel laterit. Proses
konsentrasi nikel pada endapan nikel laterit dikendalikan oleh beberapa
faktor yaitu, batuan dasar, iklim, topografi, airtanah, stabilitas
mineral, mobilitas unsur, dan kondisi lingkungan yang berpengaruh
terhadap tingkat kelarutan mineral. Dengan kontrol tersebut akan
didapatkan tiga tipe laterit yaitu oksida, lempung silikat, dan
hidrosilikat.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Laterisasi; proses pelapukan kimia pada kondisi
iklim yang lembab (tropis) yang berlangsung pada waktu yang lama dengan
kondisi tektonik yg relative stabil, membentuk formasi lapisan regolith
yang tebal dengan karakteristik yang khas, but and zeegers, 1992).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Penelitian
ini lebih ditekankan pada mineralogi endapan nikel laterit,
karakteristik dan tipe endapan nikel laterit di Pulau Pakal, dan
hubungan spasi pemboran dari bentuk profil laterit. Metodologi yang
digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pengambilan sampel di lapangan,
deskripsi dan preparasi sampel di laboratorium, analisis mineralogi
dengan XRD dan sayatan tipis, serta pembuatan profil laterit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Berdasarkan
perbandingan hasil deskripsi sampel di lapangan secara megaskopis dan
di laboratorium dengan bantuan mikroskop binokuler diperoleh perbedaan
penentuan horizon yang tidak terlalu signifikan (relative identik).
Berdasarkan rekapitulasi analisis XRD didapatkan 15 kelompok mineral
yang didominasi oleh kelompok mineral serpentin sehingga nikel laterit
di daerah studi diperkirakan tipe endapan laterit hidrosilikat.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Jika
diurutkan berdasarkan masing-masing horizon endapan laterit maka pada
bagian top soil didominasi oleh mineral-mineral silika, pada zona
Limonit didominasi oleh kelompok mineral hidroksida, pada zona saprolit
atas didominasi oleh kelompok mineral serpentin dan hidroksida, serta
pada zona Saprolit bawah didominasi oleh kelompok mineral serpentin dan
mika.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Berdasarkan analisis
petrografi pada sayatan tipis diketahui bahwa mineralogi penyusun bedrock
adalah olivin dan ortopiroksen serta mineral-mineral hasil ubahan berupa
serpentin sehingga dapat dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai batuan hazburgit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje_Xe2JKF0AnUYEyYLGUTVRhYcYoZGv93iuBkSAFZCEohHLC-DNkRnGdDORXASL8vZWu-ii_sFAC38JiAjS3_nizUpYdEF568Bl4Iz337XxEiOQOrogbOin0IXyY6ZsCPtAkfsxBlquD13/s400/profilGeo.jpg" height="261" id="il_fi" style="font-family: inherit; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px;" width="400" /></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Profil laterit (PT.Vale Indonesia, 2011)</span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Perkembangan
profil laterit; dipengaruhi oleh:
<br />
</span></span><br />
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Iklim;
curah hujan menentukan jumlah air hujan yang masuk ke tanah sehingga
mempengaruhi intensitas pencucian dan pemisahan komponen-kompenen yang
larut.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Topografi;
relief dan geometri lereng akan mempengaruhi pengaliran air, jumlah air
yang masuk ke dalam tanah, dan level muka air tanah</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Drainase;
mempengaruhi pasokan jumlah air untuk pencucian (leaching) dari seluruh
area sekitarnya.</span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV">Tektonik; pengangkatan tektonik
akan meningkatkan erosi pada bagian atas profil, meningkatkan relief
topografi dan menurunkan muka air tanah. Kestabilan tektonik mendukung
pendataran topografi (planation) topografi dan memperlambat gerakan air
tanah</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV">Tipe batuan induk; komposisi
mineral menentukan tingkat kerentanan batuan terhadap pelapukan dan
ketersediaan unsure-unsur untuk rekombinasi pembentukan mineral baru.</span></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV">Struktur; patahan dan kekar
memungkinkan bagi peningkatan permeabilitas bedrock, sehingga meningkatkan
potensi terjadinya alterasi.</span></span></span></li>
</ol>
HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-34092465398506519382014-12-22T03:34:00.001-08:002015-02-05T04:05:06.228-08:00Ammolite: The Gemstone with Spectacular Color Properties<h1 class="style1">
Ammolite </h1>
<br />
An organic gemstone with a spectacular flash of iridescent colors!<br />
<h2>
What is Ammolite?</h2>
<br />
<br />
Gem-quality Ammolite produces a spectacular display of iridescent
color when it is observed in reflected light. The colors of an
individual stone can run the full range of the visible spectrum or be
limited to just one or two colors.
The color display can rival fine
<a href="http://geology.com/gemstones/opal/">opal</a> and <a href="http://geology.com/gemstones/labradorite/">labradorite</a>
in its intensity and beauty.<br />
<br />
Ammolite is a trade name given to a thin iridescent aragonite shell material that is found on two species of extinct
ammonite fossils (<em>Placenticeras meeki</em> and <em>Placenticeras intercalare</em>).
Other less-frequently used trade names for Ammolite are "Calcenite" and
"Korite." It is also known simply as "ammonite shell."
<br />
<br />
Ammolite is a rare material. All of the world's commercial production
comes from a small area along the St. Mary River in southwestern
Alberta, Canada. There, two companies mine Ammolite from thin layers
in the Bearpaw Formation where the ammonite fossils are found. <br />
<h2>
Ammolite Gemstones</h2>
<br />
<br />
The color-producing shell layer of Ammolite is usually very thin (often
less than one millimeter) and attached to a dark gray to brown base of <a href="http://geology.com/rocks/shale.shtml">shale</a> or <a href="http://geology.com/minerals/siderite.shtml">siderite</a>. Exceptional pieces can be cut into gems without stabilization.
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<a href="http://geology.com/articles/marcellus-leases-royalties.shtml"><img alt="marcellus shale" border="0" src="http://geology.com/stories/13/ammolite/ammolite-triplet.jpg" height="100" width="190" /></a>
</center>
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Most Ammolite is used to produce triplets. These are made by backing
the fragile iridescent material with a thin slab for stability and
topping it with a transparent cover for protection.
<br />
<br />
Clear <a href="http://geology.com/minerals/quartz.shtml">quartz</a> or <a href="http://geology.com/minerals/spinel.shtml">spinel</a>
can be used for the transparent cover. Black shale or another material
can be used for the backing. Some Ammolite is made into doublets, which
only requires adding a backing or transparent cover as needed. Many
stones are impregnated with epoxy for stability.
<br />
<br />
The best stones: 1) produce a vivid display of multiple colors; 2) have a
strong iridescence that can be observed from a wide range of angles;
and, 3) have a pleasing pattern of color with minimal interruption by
gaps, inclusions or fractures.
<br />
<br />
The highest quality rough is usually cut into freeform shapes to produce
gems of maximum carat weight. These are used in designer jewelry.
Other grades of material are cut to standard shapes for use in
commercial jewelry.
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<br />
When assembled stones include a clear cap, it normally has a minimum
amount of doming to provide the best view of the Ammolite below. A
small number of stones have a faceted cap for customers who like that
appearance. Uncapped stones are best used in earrings, brooches, pins
and pendants where abrasion and impact are less likely. This is because
the material is soft (H: 3.5 to 4), brittle, and can cleave upon
impact.
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<br />
<table bgcolor="#CCCCCC" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" style="width: 380px;">
<tbody>
<tr height="17">
<td align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc" colspan="2" height="24"><h3>
Physical Properties of Ammolite </h3>
</td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17" width="137"><strong>Chemical Classification</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17" width="226">carbonate</td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17" width="137"><strong>Color</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17" width="226">Iridescent
colors that can traverse the entire spectrum - red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet. Red and green are the most common
colors. </td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Luster</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">vitreous, accepts a bright polish </td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Diaphaneity</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">The gem layer is transparent to translucent. </td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Cleavage / Fracture </strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">brittle with distinct cleavage </td>
</tr>
<tr height="17"> <td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Mohs Hardness</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">3.5 to 4 </td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Specific Gravity</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">2.6 to 2.9 </td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Diagnostic Properties</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">A thin layer of iridescent color, often with a fractured appearance, on a base of siderite or shale </td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Chemical Composition</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">CaCO<sub>3 </sub></td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Mineral Composition</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">aragonite, usually on a base of siderite or shale </td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Crystal System</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">orthorhombic</td>
</tr>
<tr height="17">
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17"><strong>Uses</strong></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFee" height="17">gemstone</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Geology of Alberta Ammonite</h2>
<br />
<br />
The story of Ammolite begins about 70 to 75 million years ago when
forces within the Earth were building the Rocky Mountains
in what is now northwestern North America. The area on the east side of
the mountains was covered by a broad body of water known as the Western
Interior Seaway. It connected what is now the Gulf of Mexico to the
Arctic Ocean.
<br />
<br />
Rains falling on the eastern flank of the young Rocky Mountains washed
sediments into the seaway.
These sediments accumulated and eventually formed a rock unit known as
the Bearpaw Formation. The Bearpaw is composed primarily of marine <a href="http://geology.com/rocks/shale.shtml">shale</a> but contains some thin <a href="http://geology.com/rocks/sandstone.shtml">sandstones</a> and layers of <a href="http://geology.com/articles/volcanic-ash.shtml">volcanic ash</a>. <br />
<br />
The Western Interior Seaway contained many forms of life, including bony
fish, shellfish, sharks, sea turtles, and ammonites.
Ammonites (the source organisms for Ammolite) are an extinct group of
marine invertebrates that possessed a tightly coiled shell similar to
the modern <em>Nautilus</em>. The ammonites in the seaway grew to a diameter of up to one meter - but most were about 1/4 to 1/2 that size.
<br />
<br />
When the ammonites died, their shells fell to the bottom of the seaway
and were covered with sediment. Many of them served as a nucleus for
the formation of siderite concretions which are now found in the Bearpaw
Formation. The ammonite fossils within these concretions sometimes have
an outer shell layer composed of gem-quality Ammolite.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
The Bearpaw Formation </h2>
<br />
<br />
The Bearpaw Formation is exposed at Earth's surface in parts of Alberta,
Saskatchewan, Montana and Utah. The only area
known to yield gem-quality Ammolite in commercial amounts is located
along the St. Mary River in southwestern Alberta, but small amounts of
gem Ammolite have been found in other areas.
<br />
<br />
Iridescent ammonite fossils are found in many outcrops of the Bearpaw
Formation, but these are often too damaged by
weathering to serve as good gem materials. The best gem-quality
material is found in the excavations of
mining operations where depth has protected the Ammolite from
weathering. Some of it still requires stabilization to be used as a gem
material. Some of it is too thin
for use in manufacturing.
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<br />
<br />
<h2>
Other Iridescent Ammonites</h2>
<br />
<br />
Ammonites with iridescent material in their shells are not unique to the Bearpaw Formation or to Canada.
They have been found in Utah, England, Morocco, and Madagascar. When compared to iridescent material
from the Bearpaw formation, these materials typically have iridescence that is: 1) too thin to use
in the production of gems; 2) too patchy to produce a good display; or, 3) too weak to catch the eye.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
Ammolite History</h2>
<br />
<br />
The Blackfoot people have known about iridescent ammonite fossils for hundreds of years. They called the material
"Iniskim" (meaning "buffalo stone") and used it as a talisman.
<br />
<br />
Scientists from the Canadian Geological Survey described iridescent
ammonite shells in 1908, but the first exibition of iridescent
ammonite in lapidary projects did not occur until 1962, when cut gems
were mounted in jewelry and exhibited in a small
gem show in Nonton, Alberta.
<br />
<br />
In 1967, Marcel Charbonneau, owner of a Calgary rock shop, began
assembling
doublets of iridescent ammonite shell on matrix with a clear quartz
cover and calling them "Ammolite." The material quickly
became popular. In 1981, Ammolite was recognized as a gemstone by CIBJO
Colored Stones Commission, and in 2004
it was named as the offical gemstone of the Province of Alberta.
The Colored Stones Commission brought international attention to
Ammolite, and its becoming the "Official Alberta Gemstone" produced
enormous local popularity.<br />
<br />
Today, two companies operate Ammolite mines in the Bearpaw Formation.
They are the only mines in the world that
produce gem-quality Ammolite. The companies are Aurora Ammolite Mine
and Korite International. Korite's marketing materials
report that they produce 90% of the world's supply of Ammolite.
Most of the Ammolite they produce is cut into finished stones before
leaving the company. As a result, very little rough enters the lapidary
market. <br />
<br />
The size of Alberta's Ammolite resource is difficult to assess.
Searching outcrops does not yield reliable information because
weathering has destroyed and altered much of the original Ammolite. The
productive zones in the Bearpaw Formation are only a few feet thick, and
the gem material is concentrated in large fossils. This makes drilling
an ineffective exploration method.
<br />
<br />
In areas where there is a potential for gem-quality material, the
Bearpaw Formation is typically dipping. This limits mining to a thin
zone between the outcrop and where the overburden is too thick to mine
profitably. This limits the size and value of any discovery. Together,
these facts make the long-term availability of Ammolite uncertain. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="Ammolite cabochons" src="http://geology.com/stories/13/ammolite/ammolite.jpg" height="280" width="380" /><br />
Three Ammolite cabochons made from material mined from the Bearpaw
Formation at the Aurora Ammolite Mine in Alberta, Canada. All of these
cabochons are assembled triplet stones with a transparent quartz cap.
The two rectangular stones are 12 x 5 millimeters in size, and the
oval-shaped stone is 10 x 8 millimeters in size.<br />
<img alt="Ammolite jewelry" src="http://geology.com/stories/13/ammolite/ammolite-jewelry.jpg" height="285" width="380" /><br />
Ammolite triplet cabochons used in two pendants and a pair of earrings,
all with diamond accents. The jewelry and Ammolite gemstones were
produced by Korite International. Photo used here under a <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ammolite_jewellery.jpg">GNU Free Document License</a>.<br />
<img alt="ammonite with iridescent shell material" src="http://geology.com/stories/13/ammolite/ammonite.jpg" height="281" width="380" /> <br />
An ammonite fossil with iridescent shell material (Ammolite) mined from
the Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada and expertly prepared for
display as a fossil specimen.<br />
<img alt="Mining Ammolite" src="http://geology.com/stories/13/ammolite/ammolite-mine.jpg" height="253" width="380" /><br />
Mining Ammolite in the Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada at the Korite International mine. Photo used here under a <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ammolite_mining.jpg">GNU Free Document License</a>. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://geology.com/stories/13/ammolite/ammolite-map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ammolite map" border="0" src="http://geology.com/stories/13/ammolite/ammolite-map.jpg" height="301" width="380" /></a></div>
<br />
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A paleogeographic map showing the position of the Western Interior
Seaway in which the Bearpaw Formation and Ammolite-producing ammonites
were deposited. Image by the United States<br />
<br />
<a href="http://geology.com/stories/13/ammolite/ammonite-shell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Madagascar ammonite" border="0" src="http://geology.com/stories/13/ammolite/ammonite-shell.jpg" height="250" width="380" /></a><br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
Geological Survey. Iridescent
ammonite shells are not unique to the Bearpaw Formation. They are found
in many parts of the world. This ammonite specimen was collected in
Madagascar and shows beautiful iridescent zones in its shell. The
difference between most other iridescent ammonites and those found in
the Bearpaw is that the Bearpaw Formation specimens have a layer of
iridescence that is thick enough to cut into gems or to use in
manufacturing assembled gems. This specimen is about 33 millimeters
across.
<br />
<br />
Contributor: <a href="http://geology.com/visitors/" rel="author">Hobart King</a>
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<br />HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-73513086833639880992014-12-20T01:41:00.002-08:002015-09-07T15:51:11.971-07:00ADMIN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
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<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
Febbi Finura</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tempat/Tanggal Lahir<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Sawahlunto, 18 Mei 1995</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alamat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Jl. Zainudin Tembak,
RT 03 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> RW 01, <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"></span>Kel. Lubang Panjang, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kec. Barangin, <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Kota Sawahlunto, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Sumatra Barat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">E-mail<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
</span><a href="mailto:febbifinura@yahoo.co.id"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">febbifinura@yahoo.co.id</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jabatan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>: Koordinator
Devisi Informasi dan</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Kesekretariatan Himpunan</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> periode 2014/2015</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
Iqbal Maulana Yusuf</span></div>
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Bandung, 15 Agustus 1995</span></div>
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</span><a href="mailto:iqbalmy97@gmail.com"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">iqbalmy97@gmail.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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Staff Devisi Informasi dan <span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Kesekretariatan Himpunan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> periode <span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>2014/2015</span></div>
<br />
<br />HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-11114652880943066022014-11-29T17:10:00.002-08:002015-02-05T05:32:18.268-08:00Stan Geowisata HMTG_Gondwana Menang Stan PALING AKTIF di acara IGSFI !!<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUfe0qjrTIqvzMNcWab3Z63ZSQFPBPEBfs08EduMZi8uZz0nPIWc4q1N1g9vU-GTd7P2y7CJ4VMqyzqfU9i6X6IyYx_xKJ53qy5ilNIJfWxA61FMQ4wzqg8ceXgsGQ_h6zCmzgogOL5m7M/s1600/DSCF3838.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUfe0qjrTIqvzMNcWab3Z63ZSQFPBPEBfs08EduMZi8uZz0nPIWc4q1N1g9vU-GTd7P2y7CJ4VMqyzqfU9i6X6IyYx_xKJ53qy5ilNIJfWxA61FMQ4wzqg8ceXgsGQ_h6zCmzgogOL5m7M/s1600/DSCF3838.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Panitia Geowisata HMTG_Gondwana menerima Hadiah dari paniti IGSFI</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7KayVFiQ6DX581FFM6eGqC4d2dQP8MqW8V7CC4QmMsMzC8aY1Pm3dpX_h9QwPPH6pDTWo8aaCDQJVfpeIXgw47C6v9kHrwuDU9ZCyOTw7jmRX2kRlkUPJyDNNV-H8deobFx-fGl8eeTGC/s1600/DSC02845.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7KayVFiQ6DX581FFM6eGqC4d2dQP8MqW8V7CC4QmMsMzC8aY1Pm3dpX_h9QwPPH6pDTWo8aaCDQJVfpeIXgw47C6v9kHrwuDU9ZCyOTw7jmRX2kRlkUPJyDNNV-H8deobFx-fGl8eeTGC/s1600/DSC02845.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stan Geowisata HMTG_Gondwana dipadati pengunjung</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Jumat, 28 november 2014, Stan Geowisata HMTG_Gondwana di
acara IGSFI (International Geology Student Festival Indonesia) yang
diselenggarakan oleh HMTG_Gea ITB diberikan penghargaan oleh panitia IGSFI
menjadi stan yang paling aktif diacara tersebut. Aktifnya panitia yang
memberikan informasi seputar wisata daerah Jawa Barat dan berbagai informasi
tentang batuan dan mineral yang dipamerkan menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagai
pengunjung yang berbondong-bondong datang memenuhi stan Geowista HMTG_Gondwana.
Sekian. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Dinfokes-FF)</i></div>
HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-988407886315127761.post-57521634104470548792014-11-29T16:36:00.002-08:002015-02-05T05:32:58.770-08:00Stan Geowisata HMTG_Gondwana dipadati Pengunjung di acara IGSFI !! <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTcjKoJZXjG9Ad-yv3GSIYzZ4cwPmgXCHatgthDsOl8_zo1PUDCb-7Ipq0x7U9z9n0S_f_x4uwTlx1JBqCUF8h2BIdQzH84epXSr1N2whqoHl7v7qf9RAV0AJFi7wi4MmC8oRrEZ2qgbif/s1600/DSC02845.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTcjKoJZXjG9Ad-yv3GSIYzZ4cwPmgXCHatgthDsOl8_zo1PUDCb-7Ipq0x7U9z9n0S_f_x4uwTlx1JBqCUF8h2BIdQzH84epXSr1N2whqoHl7v7qf9RAV0AJFi7wi4MmC8oRrEZ2qgbif/s1600/DSC02845.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Stan Geowisata HMTG_Gondwana dipadati pengunjung</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcHlS672tEsBhXjVCwu3n2xzlx8zCbpyC68pIfU9q0WO5CTLKN4tzzYLQjsbzCe0OllJ8QzGgExwP49iWpUQIeLqzRTrRrZcfRgSkjDCC7-WU8eFGRec9uTi2gN9k3qmGDEUFxGvJC6s5B/s1600/DSC02855.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcHlS672tEsBhXjVCwu3n2xzlx8zCbpyC68pIfU9q0WO5CTLKN4tzzYLQjsbzCe0OllJ8QzGgExwP49iWpUQIeLqzRTrRrZcfRgSkjDCC7-WU8eFGRec9uTi2gN9k3qmGDEUFxGvJC6s5B/s1600/DSC02855.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Panitia Stan Geowisata HMTG_Gondwana yang aktif memberikan informasi kepada pengunjung.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Jum'at 28 November 2014. HMTG_Gondwana diberi kepercayaaan untuk mengisi sebuah Stan yang di acara IGSFI (International Geology Student Festival Indonesia) yang diselenggarakan oleh HMTG_Gea ITB. Di acara IGSFI, Stan HMTG_Gondwana yang bertema Geowisata di daerah Jawabarat dipadati oleh pengunjung yang tertarik dengan berbagai pameran lokasi wisata dan pameran berbagai macam jenis batuan dan mineral yang disajikan oleh Panitia Geowisata. <i>(Devisi Informasi dan Kesekretariatan)</i><br />
<br />HMTG Gondwanahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00586846742391783425noreply@blogger.com0